Greek intellectual history, medical literature was a unique addition, medical scientists
In Greek intellectual history, medical literature was a unique addition since it served the purpose of direct teaching, but it was not primarily aimed at the general population like philosophy and poetry. The appearance of this phenomenon serves as a prominent illustration of a historical pattern that we will increasingly observe: the inclination of life to become more specialized and knowledge to fragment into distinct professional domains that can only be pursued by a select group of highly trained individuals possessing exceptional intellectual and moral qualifications.
Greek intellectual history, medical literature was a unique addition, medical scientists
The medical authors frequently refer to ‘laymen’ and ‘professionals’, a distinction that would go on to have a lengthy and substantial impact, but is introduced here for the first time. The term ‘layman’, which has its roots in the medieval church, initially referred to an individual who was not ordained and then expanded to include someone who was not privy to specialized knowledge. However, the Greek term ‘idiotes’ conveys a broader significance related to social and political matters.
It refers to an individual who disregards the affairs of the state and community, focusing solely on their personal matters. Unlike him, the doctor is a demiourgos, a term used to describe a public worker, similar to artisans who crafted shoes or utensils for the general population. Laymen are commonly differentiated from doctors by referring to them as ‘the people’.
The term “demiourgos” effectively encompasses both the social and technical components of the doctor’s profession, but the more challenging Ionic word, which serves as a synonym, only refers to the technical aspect. There is no specific term to differentiate the Greek doctor, who possesses exceptional expertise, from what we would classify as a regular craftsman. This also applies to the sculptor and the painter. Nevertheless, Greek medicine does possess a concept similar to modern use of the term ‘layman’, which carries the connotation of being ‘uninitiated’.
The Hippocratic Law concludes with the elegant statement: “Confidential matters are disclosed exclusively to those who are initiated.” ‘It is prohibited to disclose them to uninitiated individuals prior to their induction into the enigmatic realm of knowledge.’ Within our society, humanity is distinctly segregated, akin to a religious ceremony, into two distinct groups, with one group being significantly restricted from accessing esoteric knowledge.
This perspective elevates the significance of doctors, surpassing that of ordinary craftsmen, in both technical and social aspects. Moreover, it serves as a powerful testament to the noble nature of the medical profession and its profound awareness of its responsibilities. This sentiment, if not directly expressed by Hippocrates, was undoubtedly articulated by someone who recognized the advancements made by the medical field in understanding the natural world.
Undoubtedly, it is evident that there was a genuine concern regarding the position of this novel figure, the physician, who was both solitary and possessed lofty aspirations, inside the societal structure. However, in actuality, the emerging field of medicine was not distinctly separated from the broader intellectual culture of ancient Greece. It attempted to develop a position for itself there.
Despite being established on a distinct area of expertise that distinguished it from the general population, the organization made a conscious effort to disseminate that information to the public and devise methods to ensure their comprehension. It generated a distinct genre of medical literature intended for audiences without medical backgrounds.
Fortunately, we still have a collection of treatises that cater to both specialists and the general public. The majority of the works in our possession fall under the first category and cannot be thoroughly discussed in this context. We are primarily focused on the second form of interest, not only because to its superior literary quality, but also because it is an integral component of what the Greeks referred to as paideia.
During the period when medical scientists initially presented their issues to the public through both oral lectures and written speeches, it was unclear to what extent an ordinary person should concern themselves with such topics. When doctors emerged to challenge the itinerant erudite speakers, their aim was to acquire public recognition and influence.